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Redshift Paradox...
In 1929 Edwin Powell Hubble, with the collaboration of Milton Humason, formulated the Redshift Distance Law of galaxies, nowadays termed simply Hubble's Law. While Edwin Hubble has been incorrectly credited with the discovery of the redshift in distant galaxies (the principles underlying an expanding universe were well understood years earlier by such renowned cosmologists as James Keeler, Vesto Slipher and William Campbell), this theory by Hubble and Humason led to a much wider acceptance for the redshift concept. The law states that the greater the distance between any two galaxies, the greater their relative speed of separation.
The velocity of a galaxy could be expressed mathematically as "v = H x d" where "v" is the galaxy's receding outward velocity, "d" is the galaxy's distance from Earth, and H is the Hubble constant. The true value of the constant is still uncertain but is believed to be about 65 kilometers per second for every megaparsec (3.26 million light-years) in distance. At 10 megaparsecs, the receding speed of that galaxy would be 650 kilometers per second.
The observed 'redshift velocities' of distant galaxies, in conjunction with the cosmological principle appeared to prove that the universe was expanding in a manner consistent with the principles of general relativity.
This law was the first support for the Big Bang theory which had been originally proposed by Father Georges Lemaitre in 1927 as proof that there is a God, Who created the original atom that grew into the universe.
Most cosmologists have come to believe, in order to determine the velocity of a far off galaxy all that is necessary is to simply plug into the formula the observed redshift value. By taking the spectrum of a distant object cosmologists can see an obvious shift in the lines of its spectrum, thereby, they assume, getting the resultant velocity. But, if the theory is not correct, the distances determined by its use is meaningless and will be useless in determining the true value the vast majority of distances in the Universe.
Another great scientific voice has long been silenced on this matter: Einstein's theory predicts a marked departure from a strictly adhered-to Hubble law depending on the total mass of the Universe. And this theoretical prediction by Einstein came many decades prior to the knowledge that over 90% of the Universe was comprised of still-mysterious dark matter.
Cosmologists use the term redshift when describing the velocity of galaxies as they move away from us in an expanding universe. When an object moves away from us, its light waves are stretched into longer wavelengths (lower frequencies), and we describe that the light as redshifted. By applying the principles of redshift, astronomers feel confident that all distant galaxies are moving away from us and that the farther away they are, the faster they are moving.
Cosmologists use the term blueshift when describing the velocity of galaxies as they move towards us - but only for the local cluster of galaxies. When an object moves towards us, its light waves are compressed into shorter wavelengths (higher frequencies), and we describe that the light as blueshifted.
Since distant galaxies' spectral lines are shifted toward the red (longer) wavelength end of the visible spectrum; astronomers surmised that the larger the redshift, the more distant the galaxy. This redshift was interpreted as a Doppler shift whereby galaxies receded from Earth because of an ever expanding universe. For that reason, the redshift is usually expressed as a velocity in kilometers per second.
As far back as the 1970's serious redshift velocity problems began to occur: The galaxies in the Coma Cluster exhibited puzzling different redshifts even though they were in close proximity. Other prominent galaxies, including M51 and NGC 2903, also exhibited dual redshifts: There was an appreciable unexplainable variance between the receding velocity of the centers of these galaxies and their spiral arms. If the redshift velocity theory was accurate then this would be an unexplainable anomaly having far-reaching cosmological implications, shaking the very foundations of the Hubble constant since if redshift is solely attributable to the Doppler effect, then there would be no differences between the measured values for a galaxy's center and its spiral arms.
Current cosmological models cannot explain these variant galaxy redshifts because these models do not include the effect of dark matter and Einstein's Gravitational Redshift.
Einstein's Gravitational Redshift is a non-velocity redshift. As light moves away from a massive gravitational force such as a black hole or a concentration of dark matter there is a proven and observable shift of spectral lines towards the red end of the spectrum.
As shown in the above animated illustration, if a galaxy is approaching the Earth it should blueshifted - Unless there is a concentration of dark matter located unseen within the intervening space. Under such conditions the approaching galaxy will now appear to be receding, due to the redshift caused by the gravitational force of the dark matter.
Since dark matter constitutes over 90% of the universe, it would thereby infer that redshift calculations to all distant galaxies would be off by a similar high percentage.
Furthermore, the conclusion that the universe is expanding, much less accelerating, can no longer be determined or inferred by either the Hubble constant or redshift measurements.
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